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On the acquisition of either and too
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In: Experiments in Linguistic Meaning; Vol 1 (2021); 159-171 ; 2694-1791 (2021)
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Abstract:
This paper presents an experimental investigation of how English-learning children acquire the additive discourse particles either and too. In the target grammar these items exhibit near-complementary distribution conditioned on the polarity of their host sentence. The path leading to that grammar appears to be rather intricate. We present comprehension data showing that for an extended period of time (3–5 ya) learners find both items acceptable in both polarity environments, exhibiting only a weak adult-like tendency of preferring either in negative and too in positive sentences. At 6 ya, their grammar appears categorical wrt. either in that they no longer tolerate it in positive sentences while still exhibiting only a weak dispreference for too in negative environments. These findings are even more striking in the context of production data. We find that child-directed speech is essentially categorical, providing unambiguous evidence for the adult grammar. Moreover, we find essentially categorical, adult-like use of either and too in child production from the earliest stage of development. These observations raise a number of challenges for theories of either and too and for approaches to learning focus particles more generally. Perhaps most strikingly, the protracted insensitivity of the learner's grammar to accumulation of unambiguous evidence constitutes a novel argument from the abundance of evidence for encapsulated learning.
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Keyword:
additivity; focus particles; L1 acquisition; language acquisition; polarity sensitivity; pragmatics; semantics
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URL: http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/ELM/article/view/4889
https://doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4889
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| 2 |
Many systems, one strategy: Acquiring ordinals in Dutch and English
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In: Glossa: a journal of general linguistics; Vol 5, No 1 (2020); 100 ; 2397-1835 (2020)
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| 3 |
Syntactic complexity and inflections in the written production of L1 and L2 French
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In: Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol XVIII, Iss 2, Pp 99-114 (2016) (2016)
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| 4 |
Verbal Transitivity Development in Russian First Language Acquisition
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| 5 |
Verbal and Non-Verbal Cognition in English and French : Adults and L1 Acquisition
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In: Conférence de clôture du projet Langacross 2 " Linguistic Diversity and Cognition : Implications for First and Second Language Acquisition " ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01068343 ; Conférence de clôture du projet Langacross 2 " Linguistic Diversity and Cognition : Implications for First and Second Language Acquisition ", Jun 2014, Lille, France (2014)
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| 6 |
Communication accommodation theory in conversation with second language learners
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| 7 |
Communication accommodation theory in conversation with second language learners
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| 8 |
Phonological Explorations ; Phonological Explorations: Empirical, Theoretical and Diachronic Issues
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In: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01120076 ; Botma, Bert & Noske, Roland. Netherlands. Mouton de Gruyter, 2012, Linguistische Arbeiten, 978-3-11-029516-0 ; 978-3-11-029517-7 (e-ISBN) ; 0344-6737 (ISSN) (2012)
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| 9 |
The development of yes-no question intonation in Puerto Rican Spanish
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In: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1345565869 (2012)
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| 10 |
Jamais deux sans trois ? Comment l’enfant s’approprie trois langues parallèlement (étude de cas)
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In: Studii de Lingvistica, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 123-141 (2012) (2012)
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| 11 |
Comprehension and production of Wh-Interrogatives in the L1 acquisition of Greek: ...
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| 12 |
Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender
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: SAGE Publications, 2011. : Sage UK: London, England, 2011
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| 13 |
The acquisition of a verbal paradigm: Verb Morphology in French L1 children
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| 14 |
The vulnerability of gender on determiners in L1, 2L1 and L2 acquisition
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In: Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol XI, Iss 2, Pp 97-108 (2009) (2009)
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| 15 |
Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender
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In: ISSN: 0267-6583 ; EISSN: 1477-0326 ; Second Language Research ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570746 ; Second Language Research, SAGE Publications, 2008, 24 (3), pp.297-331. ⟨10.1177/0267658308090183⟩ (2008)
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| 16 |
The acquisition of compositional definiteness in Norwegian
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In: Nordlyd: Tromsø University Working Papers on Language & Linguistics, Vol 34, Iss 3 (2008) (2008)
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| 19 |
Children’s processing of morphosyntactic and prosodic cues in overriding context-based hypotheses: an eye tracking study
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