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Are Different Types of Learning Disorder Associated With Distinct Cognitive Functioning Profiles?
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In: Front Psychol (2021)
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Abstract:
Introduction: DSM-5 presented a revised conceptualization of specific learning disorders (LD). Contrary to former versions, the various types of LD—i.e., mathematics disorder, reading disorder, and writing disorder—are not treated as distinct diagnostic entities but are integrated into one single LD category. In support of this new classification, it has been argued that the various types of LD overlap to a great extent in their cognitive functioning profiles and therefore do not exhibit a distinct set of cognitive causes. In contrast, ICD-11 still adheres to the idea of discrete categories and thus follows the specificity hypothesis of LD. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), we therefore tested the specificity of cognitive strengths and weaknesses in children with different types of LD. Secondly, we aimed at examining the extent to which observed LD characteristics (type and severity of LD as well as IQ-achievement discrepancy) were consistent with the membership of a given latent profile. Method: 302 German third-graders (134 girls; IQ ≥ 85; M(age) = 111.05 months; SD = 5.76) with single or comorbid types of LD in the domains of mathematics, reading, and spelling completed a wide range of domain-specific and domain-general cognitive functioning measures. Results: Five qualitative distinct profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses were identified. Profile 1 (23% of the sample) showed Comprehensive Cognitive Deficits, performing low in all measures except for naming speed, language, and inhibition. Profile 2 (21%) included children with a Double Deficit in Phonological Awareness and Phonological Short-term Memory. Profile 3 (20%) was characterized by a Double Deficit of Phonological Awareness and Naming Speed. Profile 4 (19%) included children with a Single Deficit in Attention, and profile 5 (17%) consisted of children without any cognitive deficits. Moreover, type and severity of LD as well as IQ-achievement discrepancy discriminated between the profiles, which is in line with the specificity hypothesis of LD. Discussion: Overall, the finding of specific associations between the LD types and the identified cognitive profiles supports the ICD-11 classification of LD. Yet, those inferences may not be valid for an individual child but need to be examined through comprehensive diagnostic.
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Keyword:
Psychology
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URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725374 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8573071/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34759867
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Orthographic knowledge predicts reading and spelling skills over and above general intelligence and phonological awareness
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In: European journal of psychology of education 36 (2021) 1, S. 21-43 (2020)
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Developmental trajectories of phonological information processing in upper elementary students with reading or spelling disabilities
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In: Reading research quarterly 56 (2021) 1, S. 143-171 (2020)
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Developmental trajectories of phonological information processing in upper elementary students with reading or spelling disabilities ...
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Orthographic knowledge predicts reading and spelling skills over and above general intelligence and phonological awareness ...
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Effects of a morpheme-based training procedure on the literacy skills of readers with a reading disability
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Förderung des mündlichen Gebrauchs der Bildungslexik in den Sachfächern der Sekundarstufe I
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Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs regarding assessment and promotion of school-relevant skills of preschool children ...
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Editorial. Bildung durch Sprache und Schrift
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In: Frühe Bildung 8 (2019) 4, S. 179-180 (2019)
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Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs regarding assessment and promotion of school-relevant skills of preschool children
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In: Early child development and care 189 (2019) 2, S. 339-351 (2019)
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Sind Fortbildungsmaßnahmen zu linguistisch fundierter Sprachförderung wirksam? Analysen zu den Kompetenzen von Fachkräften und mehrsprachigen Kindern
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In: Frühe Bildung 8 (2019) 4, S. 181-186 (2019)
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Sind Fortbildungsmaßnahmen zu linguistisch fundierter Sprachförderung wirksam? Analysen zu den Kompetenzen von Fachkräften und mehrsprachigen Kindern ...
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Differences in counting skills between Chinese and German children are accompanied by differences in processing of approximate numerical magnitude information
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In: Frontiers in psychology 9 (2019), 8 S. (2019)
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Differences in Counting Skills Between Chinese and German Children Are Accompanied by Differences in Processing of Approximate Numerical Magnitude Information
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Differences in Counting Skills Between Chinese and German Children Are Accompanied by Differences in Processing of Approximate Numerical Magnitude Information
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Leseentwicklung in der Kindheit. Einflussfaktoren und Fördermöglichkeiten
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In: Kindheit und Entwicklung 27 (2018) 1, S. 5-13 (2018)
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Development of working memory from grade 3 to 5. Differences between children with and without mathematical learning difficulties
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In: International journal of disability, development and education 65 (2018) 5, S. 509-525 (2018)
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Leseentwicklung in der Kindheit. Einflussfaktoren und Fördermöglichkeiten ...
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