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Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults
In: Alzheimers Res Ther (2021)
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve is most commonly measured using socio-behavioural proxy variables. These variables are easy to collect, have a straightforward interpretation, and are widely associated with reduced risk of dementia and cognitive decline in epidemiological studies. However, the specific proxies vary across studies and have rarely been assessed in complete models of cognitive reserve (i.e. alongside both a measure of cognitive outcome and a measure of brain structure). Complete models can test independent associations between proxies and cognitive function in addition to the moderation effect of proxies on the brain-cognition relationship. Consequently, there is insufficient empirical evidence guiding the choice of proxy measures of cognitive reserve and poor comparability across studies. METHOD: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the validity of 5 common proxies (education, occupational complexity, verbal intelligence, leisure activities, and exercise) and all possible combinations of these proxies in 2 separate community-dwelling older adult cohorts: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA; N = 313, mean age = 68.9 years, range = 54–88) and the Cognitive Reserve/Reference Ability Neural Network Study (CR/RANN; N = 234, mean age = 64.49 years, range = 50–80). Fifteen models were created with 3 brain structure variables (grey matter volume, hippocampal volume, and mean cortical thickness) and 5 cognitive variables (verbal fluency, processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, and global cognition). RESULTS: No moderation effects were observed. There were robust positive associations with cognitive function, independent of brain structure, for 2 individual proxies (verbal intelligence and education) and 16 composites (i.e. combinations of proxies). Verbal intelligence was statistically significant in all models. Education was significant only in models with executive function as the cognitive outcome variable. Three robust composites were observed in more than two-thirds of brain-cognition models: the composites of (1) occupational complexity and verbal intelligence, (2) education and verbal intelligence, and (3) education, occupational complexity, and verbal intelligence. However, no composite had larger average effects nor was more robust than verbal intelligence alone. CONCLUSION: These results support the use of verbal intelligence as a proxy measure of CR in cross-sectional studies of cognitively healthy older adults. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00870-z.
Keyword: Research
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34253231
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00870-z
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8276413/
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2
3 Abth. Populärphilosophische Schriften, III. Vermischte Schriften und Aufsätze
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb [Verfasser]; Fichte, I. H. [Herausgeber]. - Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter, 2018
DNB Subject Category Language
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3
3 Abth. Populärphilosophische Schriften, II. Zur Politik, Moral und Philosophie
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb [Verfasser]; Fichte, I. H. [Herausgeber]. - Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter, 2018
DNB Subject Category Language
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4
I. Abth. Zur Theoretische Philosopie II
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb [Verfasser]; Fichte, I. H. [Herausgeber]. - Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter, 2018
DNB Subject Category Language
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5
Elmer L. Rice: A developmental study ...
Braun, I. H. - : University of Southern California Digital Library (USC.DL), 2015
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6
ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF SPHERICAL SHELLS WITH THE HELP OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS
In: Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings, Vol 0, Iss 2, Pp 76-80 (2014) (2014)
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7
UNGKAPAN BAHASA ALE RASA BETA RASA DALAM KOMUNIKASI SOSIAL DI MALUKU DAN PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER
In: LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra; Vol 6, No 2 (2011): LiNGUA ; 2442-3823 ; 1693-4725 (2012)
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8
A Kippour, on ne mange pas !
Mavrogiannis, Pandelis; I, H; i, J. - : Langues - Musiques - Sociétés, 2011
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9
Les Juifs parlaient espagnol !
Mavrogiannis, Pandelis; I, H; I, J. - : Langues - Musiques - Sociétés, 2011
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10
Les Juifs parlaient espagnol ! ; Los Djudyós avlavan espanyol !
Mavrogiannis, Pandelis; I, H; I, J. - : Langues - Musiques - Sociétés, 2010
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11
JSFA: Interview #05 ; Judeo-Spanish in France Archive: Interview #05
Mavrogiannis, Pandelis; I, H; I, J. - : Langues - Musiques - Sociétés, 2010
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12
A Kippour, on ne mange pas ! ; A Kipur no komemos !
Mavrogiannis, Pandelis; I, H; I, J. - : Langues - Musiques - Sociétés, 2010
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13
Construction and three-way ordination of the Wheat Phenome Atlas
Arief, V. N.; Kroonenberg, P. M.; DeLacy, I. H.. - : Dixie W Publishing Corporation, 2010
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14
The acoustics of Korean fricatives revisited
Chang, C. B.. - : Hanshin Publishing Company, 2008
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15
Design and analysis of a fault tolerant hybrid mobile scheme
In: Information sciences. - New York, NY : Elsevier Science Inc. 177 (2007) 12, 2602
OLC Linguistik
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16
An introduction to Old Russian
In: Language. - Washington, DC : Linguistic Society of America 73 (1997) 4, 886
OLC Linguistik
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17
Identifying Hierarchical Structure in Sequences: A linear-time algorithm ...
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18
A paradigm lost: The linguistic theory of Mikolaj Krusezewski
In: Language. - Washington, DC : Linguistic Society of America 71 (1995) 3, 630-631
OLC Linguistik
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19
Probability-Driven Lexical Classification: A Corpus-Based Approach
In: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~ihw/papers/95TCS-IHW-Probabil.pdf (1995)
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20
Multiple WH-questions in GPSG
In: Papers from the General Session at the Twenty-First Regional Meeting (Chicago, 1985), P.236-255
MPI für Psycholinguistik
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