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Dimensions of bilingualism promoting cognitive control: impacts of language context and onset age of active bilingualism on mixing and switching costs
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Bilinguals' and monolinguals' performance on a non-verbal cognitive control task: how bilingual language experience contributes to cognitive performance by reducing mixing and switching costs
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Abstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The study investigated whether language experience predicts cognitive performance in bilingual and monolingual adults. As indicators of language experience, we focused on language context, typological proximity/distance between two languages and onset age of active bilingualism. As indicators of cognitive performance, we measured mixing costs and switching costs to gauge proactive and reactive control processes during a computerized non-verbal cognitive control task. Design/methodology/approach: Demographic and language data were collected with the Language and Social Background Questionnaire. Mixing and switching costs were subsequently obtained using a cued non-verbal switching task. Data and analysis: The background and switching-task data obtained from 60 bilinguals from non-English-speaking backgrounds and 24 English monolinguals residing in Australia were analysed using linear fixed-effects regression analyses. Findings/conclusions: The results showed that the use of two languages in a dual-language context was associated with reduced switching costs relative to monolingual and bilingual separated-language contexts and with reduced mixing costs only relative to a bilingual separated-language context. Among the bilinguals, lower mixing costs were also associated with an earlier onset age of active bilingualism and smaller typological distance between two languages. Originality: This study’s design included bilinguals as a target group and monolinguals as a control group, thus enabling the identification of possible mixing and/or switching cost advantages in bilinguals. By targeting young/middle-aged adults and considering a set of potentially relevant language experiences, this work was, therefore, well placed to provide clarity on findings for an age group that previously returned mixed and inconclusive results regarding a bilingual advantage. Significance/implications: Our findings reinforce the idea that particular dimensions of bilingual experience rather than bilingualism per se are linked to enhanced cognitive performance.
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Keyword:
bilingualism; cognitive performance; language experience; mixing costs; switching costs
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URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1430110
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Age and second language acquisition: Is there a critical period?
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Terms for bodies of water in a posteriori and mixed artificial languages
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The L2 motivational self system and L2 achievement: a study of Saudi EFL learners
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The relationship between learners' affective variables and second language achievement
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Bottom-up or top-down: English as a foreign language vocabulary instruction for Chinese university students
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The effects of teachers' motivational strategies on learners' motivation: a controlled investigation of second language acquisition
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Intrinsic motivation in Saudi learners of English as a foreign language
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