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A Counter-Reformation Reaction to Slovenian and Croatian Protestantism: The Symbol of St. Athanasius in a Creed of 1624
Cavallini Ivano. - : Hollitzer Verlag, 2018. : country:AT, 2018. : place:Vienna, 2018
Abstract: During the second half of the 16th century, Istria was influenced by the Lutheran ideas disseminated by the Slovene Primoz Trubar. According to recent researches, between 1561 and 1565, the followers of Trubar Stjepan Konzul and Anton Dalmatin, with the financial support of Baron Hans Ungnad von Sonneg, translated and transliterated fourteen books into Croatian with Glagolitic script, eight or nine into Cyrillic, six into Croatian with Latin script, four into Slovenian, six into Italian and one into German. Given that their “Slovenian, Croatian and Cyrillic Printing House” (Windische, Crabatische und Cirulitsche Thrukeray) of Urach, a city nearby Tubingen, was responsible for printing more than 30,000 copies, it is reasonable to affirm that Trubar and Ungnad’s aim was to cover not only the regions of Inner Austria (Slovenia, Croatia and the North Adriatic coastal area), but also the Balkans. In the turbulent years of the Counter-Reformation, when a great number of Istrian monks and priests were accused of apostasy, Gabriello Puliti, as a Franciscan, was compelled to dedicate some of his works to the most feared inquisitors and superiors. In 1614 he addressed his four-voice Psalmodia vespertina to Jakob Reinprecht, abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Stična, and a fervent Counter-Reformer of the Carniola region (Krajnska region in present-day Slovenia), which enclosed the Pazin county of Istria, where the reformer Konzul worked. The subtitle of the collection of psalms specifies that it was composed “iuxta ritum Sacrosanctae Romanae Ecclesiae”, and the author remembers the friendship of the dedicatee with the bishop of Trieste Ursino de Bertis. De Bertis, who served as a secretary of the Archduke Karl Hapsburg, contributed to the banishment of the indigenous Aquileian rite and its related books after the Council of Udine. In 1618 Puliti dedicated one motet of his solo-voice book Pungenti dardi spirituali, and in 1620 one of his motets Sacri accenti, to Gregorio Dionigi da Cagli, a Franciscan appointed “Grand Inquisitor” of Istria in 1616. Consequently, it is necessary to outline the role of Franciscan order, which was involved in the Dalmatian Province of St. Jerome, with the charge of reaffirming the Catholic faith in Istria and Dalmatia. From 1559 to 1806, the monastery of Koper hosted a tribunal of inquisition, under the control of Roman Holy Office so as to avoid any interference of local church. Even the edition of the Secondo libro delle messe a quattro voci (1624) must be taken into account as a case study of the influence of the Counter-Reformation. This book consists of two four-part masses, respectively entitled Messa concertata and Messa da choro. The first is a motto mass and the second an imitation mass on the madrigal La ver l’aurora, enclosed in Palestrina’s Primo libro di madrigali a quatro voci (1555). Instead of a cantus firmus, the head motif of Messa concertata is written down by Puliti, and it appears in each movement sustaining the structure of the polyphony. The motif recurs not only at the beginning of each of the five mass movements, but also within the Credo, where it is repeated as a separate monody before each verse on the words “Haec est fides catholica”. This sentence is drawn from the creed of St. Athanasius of Alexandria (fourth century). The so-called Symbol of Athanasius contains the words Puliti uses as a memento in his creed: “This is the Catholic faith, which except a man believe truly and firmly, he cannot be saved”. This is an unusual kind of tribute to the Catholic profession of faith, both before and after the Council of Trent, that together with other interpolations was definitively prohibited by diocesan synods held in several bishoprics, with the aim of emphasizing the dogmatic value of the Professio fidei “Credo in unum Deum”. Why did Puliti insert a ‘trope’ to his creed? Was he perhaps charged by any prominent figure of the Catholic Church of the littoral? Neither the mass dedicatee, nor other documents help us to clarify who induced the friar to do this. A Croatian translation of the Athanasian Symbol can be retraced in a Cathechism, published in Latin script by the aforementioned reformers Konzul and Dalmatin in Urach (1564). They had already adapted the same Catechism to the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts in 1561, containing the Athanasian Symbol, along the lines of the Slovenian version by Trubar (1550). The text of 1564 is the result of a fruitful comparison between the original Latin version and the others in Slavic languages. The three editions of the Catechism, each of them written in different alphabets and printed from 1561 to 1564, and the controversy that arose in 1561 between Trubar and Konzul regarding the earlier Glagolitic version, are even today an open problem from a linguistic viewpoint. First of all, it would be wrong to treat the Glagolitic, Cyrillic and Latin versions as literal translations in Old Church Slavonic, Serbian and Croatian languages, respectively, because these are transliterations from the Croatian. The language of the Katehismus is a supra-dialectal koine as well, or rather a mixture of language systems. Its ćakavjan underground is intermingled with lemmas and other elements drawn from Old Slavonic and Slovenian languages, without any relationship to any particular dialect of Istria. The blend of diverse linguistic strata emphasizes the scope of spreading Protestantism throughout all the Croatian lands, and in particular in the regions where Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were unknown, like in the Northern Croatian territories. With regard to the Athanasian Symbol, accepted by Christianity, the words “Haec est fides catholica” must be interpreted only in a narrow sense, i. e., as “universal faith”. This is the etymology both of the Greek term katholikos and the Latin catholicus. Nevertheless, during the Council of Trent the Roman Church misappropriated the word catholic and appointed itself as the one and only Catholic Church. In this regard, Puliti’s mass is an example of cosmopolitan polyphony deprived of its own autonomy. Charged with a new meaning through the words of St. Athanasius, that is, the supremacy of the Roman Church transformed into Catholic (i. e., universal), the Credo functions as a warning for heretics. Probably, the fear of a new censorship led the Franciscan to avow submission to the Vatican’s policy through this contradictory manipulation of the Professio fidei.
Keyword: Counter-Reformation; Evangelical Cathechism in Glagolitic Cyriliic and Latin Scripts; Gabriello Puliti; Istria; Settore L-ART/07 - Musicologia E Storia Della Musica; Stjepan Konzul
URL: https://issuu.com/hollitzerverlag/./vorschau_h_18_wissenschaft.
http://hdl.handle.net/10447/291804
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2
Speech perception abilities of children with and without histories of recurrent otitis media: An overview
Keogh, T.; Kei, J.; McMahon, S.. - : Whurr, 2004
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3
Speech perception abilities of children with and without histories of recurrent otitis media: an overview
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4
A measurement of the charged and neutral B meson lifetimes using fully reconstructed decays
In: International Conference on High-Energy Physics 30 ICHEP 2000 ; http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00006091 ; International Conference on High-Energy Physics 30 ICHEP 2000, Jul 2000, Osaka, Japan. pp.1-22 (2000)
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5
The relationship between multiple birth children's early phonological skills and later literacy
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6
Are there fundamental differences in the peripheral mechanisms of visceral and somatic pain?
In: Behavioral and brain sciences. - New York, NY [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press 20 (1997) 3, 381-391
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7
A comparison of the expressive communication skills of triplet, twin and singleton children
McMahon, S; Dodd, B. - 1997
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