1 |
Multiword sequences in L2 English language learners’ speech: The relationship between trigrams and lexical variety across development.
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
2 |
A descriptive study on choices of oral corrective feedback by instructors of English as a second language
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
3 |
Self-corrections by clause type : what these corrections may reveal about L2 cognitive resources
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
4 |
The effectiveness of Duolingo on Spanish learners' spelling ability ; The effectiveness of Duolingo on Spanish leaners' language learning : learners' spelling ability
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
5 |
Language use in coaching collegiate basketball : a speech act analysis of collegiate basketball coaches during gameplay ; Language use in coaching sports
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
6 |
Input and output : a comparison of FYC and ESL writing prompts ; Title on signature form: Input and output : a comparison of ESL and FYC writing prompts
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
7 |
The interaction of affect and learning preference on ESL reading comprehension : a comparison of electronic and paper textbooks
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
9 |
Urban versus suburban : the northern cities shift in Fort Wayne
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
10 |
Talkin' Appalachian in Henry County, Indiana : measuring the retention of Appalachian English features in third-generation descendants ; Talking Appalachian in Henry County, Indiana
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
13 |
Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency as Properties of Language Performance: The Development of Multiple Subsystems over Time and in Relation to Each Other
|
|
|
|
Abstract:
Applied linguists have identified three components of second language (L2) performance: complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) to measure L2 development. Many studies researching CAF found trade-off effects (in which a higher performance in one component corresponds to lower performance in another) during tasks, often in online oral language performance. Trade-off effects are attributed to the inability of the learner to simuletaneously attend to all components at the highest level possible. Although cross-sectional research has suggested that students at different proficiency levels sacrifice performance in one CAF area while improving in another, there has been little longitudinal research about CAF (Ortega & Iberri-Shea, 2005). As such, previous research could not address if CAF grows linearly over time nor if the rate of CAF growth is the same for all learners. The current study explicitly addresses how language performance in CAF changes over L2 development in an instructed environment. This longitudinal study analyzed English L2 oral data from sixty-six students from Arabic, Chinese, and Korean language backgrounds over 3-9 months in the English Language Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. Elicited speeches were transcribed, coded, and assessed with three measures of structural complexity, a measure of lexical variety, two measures of accuracy, and three measures of fluency. The scores were then analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling (Singer & Willett, 2003) to investigate how each student’s performance changed over time for each measure and to determine predictive variables. Although individual differences were found in initial scores (often proficiency differences, but not for all measures), growth trajectories were the same for all measures, except one grammatical complexity measure (length of AS unit) where slopes differed by gender. All measures showed growth, and only two measures (lexical variety and a mean length of fluent run) showed non-linear growth. Trade-off effects found in cross-sectional studies were not found in these longitudinal data even though within-individual and between-individual correlations were also calculated. Additionally, the results may suggest that instructed language performance growth is uniform, rather than along individual paths. The research also serves to evaluate the measures, which has research and pedagogical implications.
|
|
URL: http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/12071/ http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/12071/1/Vercellotti_CAF_v3.pdf
|
|
BASE
|
|
Hide details
|
|
14 |
Non-Linguistic Cognitive Effects of Learning American Sign Language as a Second Language
|
|
|
|
BASE
|
|
Show details
|
|
|
|