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Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function
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Abstract:
Learning and using an additional language is shown to have an impact on the structure and function of the brain, including in regions involved in cognitive control and the connections between them. However, the available evidence remains variable in terms of the localization, extent, and trajectory of these effects. Variability likely stems from the fact that bilingualism has been routinely operationalized as a categorical variable (bilingual/monolingual), whereas it is a complex and dynamic experience with a number of potentially deterministic factors affecting neural plasticity. Here we present a study investigating the combined effects of experience-based factors (EBFs) in bilingual language use on brain structure and functional connectivity. EBFs include an array of measures of everyday usage of a second language in different types of immersive settings (e.g., amount of use in social settings). Analyses reveal specific adaptations in the brain, both structural and functional, correlated to individual EBFs and their combined effects. Taken together, the data show that the brain adapts to be maximally efficient in the processing and control of two languages, although modulated ultimately by individual language experience.
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Keyword:
PNAS Plus
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URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6462104/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30914463 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811513116
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22 |
Brain adaptations and neurological indices of processing in adult Second Language Acquisition: challenges for the Critical Period Hypothesis
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Formal linguistics approaches to adult second language acquisition and processing
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24 |
Differences in use without deficiencies in competence: passives in the Turkish and German of Turkish heritage speakers in Germany
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27 |
Evidence from neurolinguistic methodologies : Can it actually inform linguistic/ language acquisition theories and translate to evidence-based applications?
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Language dominance affects bilingual performance and processing outcomes in adulthood
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29 |
Language dominance and transfer selection in L3 acquisition: Evidence from sentential negation and negative quantifiers in L3 English
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Terminology matters! : Why difference is not incompleteness and how early child bilinguals are heritage speakers
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In: International Journal of Bilingualism ; 22 (2018), 5. - S. 564-582. - ISSN 1367-0069. - eISSN 1756-6878 (2018)
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31 |
Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood
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32 |
Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood
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33 |
L1 acquisition across Portuguese dialects: Modular and interdisciplinary interfaces as sources of explanation
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34 |
The generative approach to SLA and its place in modern second language studies
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35 |
Language dominance affects early bilingual performance and processing outcomes in adulthood
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36 |
Evidence from neurolinguistic methodologies: can it actually inform linguistic/ language acquisition theories and translate to evidence-based applications?
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Towards eliminating arbitrary stipulations related to parameters: linguistic innateness and the variational model
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39 |
Why should formal linguistic approaches to heritage language acquisition be linked to heritage language pedagogies?
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When bilingualism is the common factor: switch reference at the junction of competence and performance in both second language and heritage language performance
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