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Εργαζόμενη Μνήμη και Βιντεοπαιχνίδια: Διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας της εργαζόμενης μνήμης σε έμπειρους παίκτες βιντεοπαιχνιδιών ...
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Executive function, visual attention and the cocktail party problem in musicians and non-musicians
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Abstract:
The goal of this study was to investigate how cognitive factors influence performance in a multi-talker, “cocktail-party” like environment in musicians and non-musicians. This was achieved by relating performance in a spatial hearing task to cognitive processing abilities assessed using measures of executive function (EF) and visual attention in musicians and non-musicians. For the spatial hearing task, a speech target was presented simultaneously with two intelligible speech maskers that were either colocated with the target (0° azimuth) or were symmetrically separated from the target in azimuth (at ±15°). EF assessment included measures of cognitive flexibility, inhibition control and auditory working memory. Selective attention was assessed in the visual domain using a multiple object tracking task (MOT). For the MOT task, the observers were required to track target dots (n = 1,2,3,4,5) in the presence of interfering distractor dots. Musicians performed significantly better than non-musicians in the spatial hearing task. For the EF measures, musicians showed better performance on measures of auditory working memory compared to non-musicians. Furthermore, across all individuals, a significant correlation was observed between performance on the spatial hearing task and measures of auditory working memory. This result suggests that individual differences in performance in a cocktail party-like environment may depend in part on cognitive factors such as auditory working memory. Performance in the MOT task did not differ between groups. However, across all individuals, a significant correlation was found between performance in the MOT and spatial hearing tasks. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that musicianship and performance on the MOT task significantly predicted performance on the spatial hearing task. Overall, these findings confirm the relationship between musicianship and cognitive factors including domain-general selective attention and working memory in solving the “cocktail party problem”. ; This study was funded by National Institutes of Health, grants R01-DC004545, P30-DC004663 (http://www.nih.gov/), Air Force Office of Scientific Research, grant FA9550-12-1-0171 (http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/afosr/), Office of naval Research, grant ONR N00014-11-1-0535 (http://www.onr.navy.mil/), Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology, grant NSF SBE-0354378 (http://celest.bu.edu/), and Boston University, Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), Funded Research Opportunity Grant (FROG) (http://www.bu.edu/urop/apply/funding/).Research supported by NIH-NIDCD grants R01-DC04545, P30-DC04663, AFOSR grant FA9550-12-1-0171, Office of Naval Research (ONR N00014-11-1-0535), CELEST (NSF SBE-0354378), Boston University UROP FROG supplies grant, and from the Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience for the summer of 2014. Part of this work was submitted as undergraduate thesis for honors in neuroscience at Boston University by the first author. We thank Jeremy Wolfe and Todd Horowitz for providing the MATLAB scripts for the Multiple Object Tracking task. We that Alexander Queen for help with statistical analysis. We thank Christine Mason, Virginia Best, Elin Roverud and Timothy Streeter for helpful comments and discussions. We thank David Somers for discussion about the visual attention experiment in our study. (R01-DC004545 - National Institutes of Health; P30-DC004663 - National Institutes of Health; FA9550-12-1-0171 - Air Force Office of Scientific Research; ONR N00014-11-1-0535 - Office of naval Research; Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science and Technology; Boston University; R01-DC04545 - NIH-NIDCD; P30-DC04663 - NIH-NIDCD; FA9550-12-1-0171 - AFOSR grant; SBE-0354378 - CELEST (NSF); Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience; SBE-0354378 - NSF; Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP); Funded Research Opportunity Grant (FROG)) ; Published version
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Keyword:
Acoustic stimulation; Adolescent; Adult; Attention; Cognition; Concurrent sound segregation; Discrimination learning; Executive function; Female; General science & technology; Hearing; Humans; Individual-differences; Informational masking; Male; Multidisciplinary sciences; Multiple-object tracking; Music; Musical expertise; Perceptual masking; Science & technology; Short-term memory; Speech perception; Speech recognition; Target tracking; Task performance and analysis; Video game players; Working-memory; Young adult
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URL: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000379809400017&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=6e74115fe3da270499c3d65c9b17d654
https://hdl.handle.net/2144/33342
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157638
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