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All fields Title Creator / Publisher Keyword Year AND OR AND NOT All fields Title Creator / Publisher Keyword Year AND OR AND NOT All fields Title Creator / Publisher Keyword Year AND OR AND NOT All fields Title Creator / Publisher Keyword Year AND OR AND NOT All fields Title Creator / Publisher Keyword Year Sort by creator [A → Z]' creator [Z → A]' publishing year ↑ (asc)' publishing year ↓ (desc)' title [A → Z]' title [Z → A]' Simple Search Hits 1 – 4 of 4 1 Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds. Pfenning, Andreas R; Hara, Erina; Whitney, Osceola. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2014 BASE Show details 2 Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds Pfenning, Andreas R.; Hara, Erina; Whitney, Osceola. - 2014 BASE Show details 3 Convergent differential regulation of parvalbumin in the brains of vocal learners. Hara, Erina; Rivas, Miriam V; Ward, James M. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2012 BASE Show details 4 Convergent Differential Regulation of Parvalbumin in the Brains of Vocal Learners Hara, Erina; Rivas, Miriam V.; Ward, James M.; Okanoya, Kazuo; Jarvis, Erich D.. - : Public Library of Science, 2012 Abstract: Spoken language and learned song are complex communication behaviors found in only a few species, including humans and three groups of distantly related birds – songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds. Despite their large phylogenetic distances, these vocal learners show convergent behaviors and associated brain pathways for vocal communication. However, it is not clear whether this behavioral and anatomical convergence is associated with molecular convergence. Here we used oligo microarrays to screen for genes differentially regulated in brain nuclei necessary for producing learned vocalizations relative to adjacent brain areas that control other behaviors in avian vocal learners versus vocal non-learners. A top candidate gene in our screen was a calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV). In situ hybridization verification revealed that PV was expressed significantly higher throughout the song motor pathway, including brainstem vocal motor neurons relative to the surrounding brain regions of all distantly related avian vocal learners. This differential expression was specific to PV and vocal learners, as it was not found in avian vocal non-learners nor for control genes in learners and non-learners. Similar to the vocal learning birds, higher PV up-regulation was found in the brainstem tongue motor neurons used for speech production in humans relative to a non-human primate, macaques. These results suggest repeated convergent evolution of differential PV up-regulation in the brains of vocal learners separated by more than 65–300 million years from a common ancestor and that the specialized behaviors of learned song and speech may require extra calcium buffering and signaling. Keyword: Research Article URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253077 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238614 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029457 BASE Hide details

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