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Joseph B. Kruskal, Jr., 1956, On the Shortest Spanning Subtree of a Graph and the Traveling Salesman Problem. Version bilingue et commentée
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In: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03163666 ; 2021 (2021)
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E.W. Dijkstra, 1959, A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1, p. 269271 Version bilingue et commentée
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In: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03171590 ; 2021 (2021)
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Language Ecology and Shift at Baawating, 1600-1971
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Abstract:
Research focused on the macro-trends in Canadian language policy (LP) has largely focused on two broad trajectories: (a) the processes of accommodation of Anglophone and Francophone communities (including the limitations of Canada's policy of bilingualism for French-speaking or official-language minority communities) (Martel & Pquet, 2010; Morris, 2010; Cardinal, 2015); and (b) the ongoing exclusion of The Other (i.e. "immigrant" and Indigenous communities) within Canadas existing LP framework (Haque, 2012; Haque & Patrick, 2015; Patrick, 2018). This research turns its focus to the place of language in the state formation processes of Canada that preceded its "Bilingualism within a multicultural framework," and its place in settler/Indigenous relations and processes of colonization. Building on the paradigm of the Anishinaabe Seven Fires prophecies and a framework that emphasizes the interplay of language practices, beliefs and management in a social ecology, this work offers a case study of the specific experiences of Indigenous peoples in the communities surrounding Baawating (at the junction of Lake Superior and Lake Huron) to exemplify: (a) how Indigenous individuals adjusted their language choices in response to institutional language policy? (b) How Canadian Indian Policy more generally affected those language choices? (c) How these choices impacted relations between Indigenous and settler peoples? And (d) how local language practice, belief, and management processes have been impacted by the surrounding socio-economic, physical, political, and cultural environments? The study uses a mixed-methods approach that combines content analysis of language policy documents, historical records, demographic data and interviews of local Indigenous residents on their experiences of language choice and use to triangulate the interplay between macro-level LP, ideologies of language, and language shift. The research demonstrates the interconnection of LP with social, economic, political and technological domains and their corresponding influence on the linguistic choices available to Indigenous peoples, which precipitated large-scale language shift. Furthermore, it illuminates how language has been used to stand-in for race in the construction of idealized national subjects within a liberal order since at least the early twentieth century in Canada.
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Keyword:
Algoma; Anishinaabe; Anishinaabe language; Anishinaabemowin; Baawating; Batchewana; Bilingualism; Braillais; Brayet; Canadian French; Canadian language policy; Canadian liberalism; Canadian state formation; Chippewa; Chippeway; Colonial language policy; Colonialism; Colonization; Communities of practice; Community of practice; Coureurs des bois; Day school; Day schools; Ethnography of language policy; Français sauvage; French in Canada; Garden River; High modernity; Historiography of language; History of language; Indian Act; Indian policy; Indigenous; Indigenous French; Indigenous language revitalization; Indigenous languages; Indigenous policy; Lake Huron; Lake Superior; Language; Language and race; Language and religion; Language ecology; Language ideologies; Language maintenance; Language policy; Language politics; Language shift; Language use; Liberal order; Liberalism; Linguistic ecology; Métis; Métis French; Michif; Modernity; Multiculturalism; Multilingualism; Nebenaigooching; Northern Ontario; Odaawaa; Odawa; Ojibwa; Ojibway; Ojibwe; Ottawa; Public policy; Residential school; Residential schools; Sault Ste. Marie; Seven fires; Shingwauk; Shingwaukonse; Speech community; Steelton; Upper Great Lakes; Voyageur; Voyageurs
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URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/38743
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Pour un paradigme plurilingue dans la recherche biographique en éducation au 21° siècle
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In: Histoire de vie et recherche biographique : perspectives sociohistoriques. ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02560868 ; Aneta Slowik, Hervé Breton, Gaston Pineau. Histoire de vie et recherche biographique : perspectives sociohistoriques., L'Harmattan, 2019, 978-2-343-19019-8 ; www.editions-harmattan.fr (2019)
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La rencontre de deux cultures : Jacques Sobieski, un voyageur polonais en Espagne (1611)
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In: Centres pluriculturels et circulation des savoirs (XVe-XXIe siècles) ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01497517 ; Centres pluriculturels et circulation des savoirs (XVe-XXIe siècles), Michel Houdiard, page 160-181, 2015 (2015)
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La perception des anglophones, des francophones et des Métis dans La liberté et le St. Boniface courier / Le courrier de Saint-Boniface, de 1970 à 1974
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La perception des anglophones, des francophones et des Métis dans La liberté et le St. Boniface courier / Le courrier de Saint-Boniface, de 1970 à 1974
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El-werchan, une expression poétique originale sur le thème de la séparation
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