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1	A multimodal analysis of enactment in everyday interaction in people with aphasia
	Armstrong, Elizabeth; Groenewold, Rimke
	In: Research outputs 2014 to 2021 (2019)
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2	The effects of enactment on communicative competence in aphasic casual conversation: a functional linguistic perspective
	Armstrong, Elizabeth; Groenewold, Rimke
	In: Research outputs 2014 to 2021 (2018)
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3	The effects of enactment on communicative competence in aphasic casual conversation: a functional linguistic perspective
	Groenewold, Rimke; Armstrong, Elizabeth. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2018
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4	The Differential effects of direct and indirect speech on discourse comprehension in Dutch and English listeners with and without aphasia
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey; Wieling, Martijn; Huiskes, Mike. - : Routledge, 2015
	Abstract: Background: In a previous study, we demonstrated that narratives containing direct speech constructions were easier to comprehend than narratives with indirect speech constructions for Dutch listeners with and without aphasia. There were two possible explanations for this finding: either that direct speech has increased liveliness compared to indirect speech or that direct speech is less grammatically complex. Aims: This study aimed to provide further insight into the mechanisms underlying the differences between direct and indirect speech constructions on discourse comprehension in Dutch. More specifically, it aimed to examine the role that the grammatical characteristics of direct and indirect speech play in discourse comprehension success by comparing English- and Dutch-speaking individuals with and without aphasia. Methods & Procedures: An English version of the Dutch iPad-based Direct Speech Comprehension (DISCO) test was developed. Twenty individuals with aphasia and 19 neurologically healthy control participants were presented with spoken narratives that contained either direct or indirect speech constructions. Their performance was compared to that of the participants of the Dutch DISCO study. To assess the effect of language on performance, we conducted a single analysis in which we contrasted the English data with the Dutch data. Outcomes & Results: Control participants performed better than participants with aphasia; English-speaking participants performed worse than Dutch participants, and narratives containing direct speech were easier to comprehend than narratives with indirect speech constructions. However, a subsequent analysis including only individuals with aphasia showed that the Dutch group differed from the English-speaking group: direct speech was only beneficial for the Dutch participants with aphasia. Conclusions: This study expanded on the findings of a previous study, in which a facilitating effect of direct over indirect speech constructions for audiovisual discourse comprehension was found. The differential effects of direct speech on comprehension in Dutch and English showed that rather than one or other explanation being “correct”, both liveliness and grammatical characteristics play a role in discourse comprehension success. Grammatically less complex constructions (direct speech) are not necessarily always easier to comprehend than grammatically more complex constructions (indirect speech) for individuals with aphasia. In our study grammatically simple constructions introduced grammatical ambiguity and therefore possible interpretation difficulties for the English-speaking participants with aphasia. ; 20 page(s)
	Keyword: aphasia; direct speech; discourse comprehension; indirect speech
	URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/359053
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5	The effects of direct and indirect speech on discourse comprehension in Dutch listeners with and without aphasia
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey...
	In: Aphasiology. - London [u.a.] : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 28 (2014) 7, 862-884
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6	Perceived liveliness and speech comprehensibility in aphasia: the effects of direct speech in auditory narratives
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey...
	In: International journal of language & communication disorders. - Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell 49 (2014) 4, 486-497
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7	The Effects of direct and indirect speech on English discourse comprehension in aphasia
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey. - : Netherlands : University of Groningen Press, 2014
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8	The Effects of direct and indirect speech on discourse comprehension in Dutch listeners with and without aphasia
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey. - : Psychology Press, 2014
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9	Perceived liveliness and speech comprehensibility in aphasia : the effects of direct speech in auditory narratives
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2014
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10	Direct speech constructions in aphasic Dutch narratives
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Huiskes, Mike
	In: Aphasiology. - London [u.a.] : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 27 (2013) 5, 546-567
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11	The Effects of (in)direct speech on aphasic discourse comprehension
	Groenewold, Rimke; Bastiaanse, Roelien; Nickels, Lyndsey. - : Groningen : Groningen University Press, 2013
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