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41
Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks (GEAF) 2015 Workshop
Bender, Emily,; Levin, Lori; Müller, Stefan. - : HAL CCSD, 2015. : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015
In: The 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01181344 ; The 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Jul 2015, Beijing, China. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015 (2015)
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42
Adjectives in the LinGO Grammar Matrix
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43
A Grammar Library for Information Structure
Song, Sanghoun. - 2014
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44
owards an Ontological Theory of Language: Radical Minimalism, Memetic Linguistics and Linguistic Engineering, Prolegomena
In: Ianua. Revista Philologica Romanica, ISSN 1616-413X, Nº. 14, 2, 2014, pags. 69-81 (2014)
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45
Proceedings of the ESSLLI 2013 Workshop: High-level Methodologies for Grammar Engineering (HMGE'13)
Duchier, Denys; Parmentier, Yannick. - : HAL CCSD, 2013. : LIFO, 2013
In: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00851402 ; Denys Duchier; Yannick Parmentier. France. LIFO, pp.131, 2013 (2013)
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46
Goal formalization and classification for requirements engineering, fifteen years later
In: Seventh International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS 2013) ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01126583 ; Seventh International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS 2013), May 2013, Paris, France. pp.1-12 (2013)
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47
Spatiogrammatics: a social semiotic perspective on moving bodies transforming the meaning potential of space ...
McMurtrie, Robert James. - : UNSW Sydney, 2013
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48
Linguistic phenomena annotation guidelines
Letcher, Ned. - 2013
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49
Graduate Committee Minutes
In: Graduate Committee Minutes (2011)
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50
f-align: An open-source alignment tool for LFG f-structures
In: Bryl, Anton and van Genabith, Josef orcid:0000-0003-1322-7944 (2010) f-align: An open-source alignment tool for LFG f-structures. In: AMTA, 31 Oct - 4th Nov 2010, Denver, Colorado. (2010)
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51
Lexicons and grammars for language processing: industrial or handcrafted products?
In: Léxico e gramática: dos sentidos à construção da significação ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400986 ; Letícia Marcondes Rezende, Bento Carlos Dias da Silva, Juliana Bertucci Barbosa. Léxico e gramática: dos sentidos à construção da significação, Cultura acadêmica, pp.51-84, 2009, Trilhas Lingüísticas, 16 (2009)
Abstract: Lexicon and Grammar: From Meanings to the Construction of Signification ; During the recent years, the use of linguistic data for language processing (semantic ambiguity resolution, translation.) increased progressively. Such data are now commonly called language resources. A few years ago, nearly all the language resources used for this purpose were collections of texts as the Brown Corpus and the Penn Treebank, but the use of electronic lexicons (WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, ComLex, Lexicon-Grammar.) and formal grammars (TAG.) developed recently. This development is slow because most processes of construction of lexicons and grammars are manual, whereas the construction of corpora has always been highly automated. However, more and more specialists of language processing realize that the information content of lexicons and grammars is richer than that of corpora, and hence the former make more elaborate processing possible. The difference in construction time is likely to be connected with the difference in information content: the handcrafting of lexicons and grammars by linguists would make them more informative than automatically generated data. This situation can evolve into two directions: either specialists of language technology get progressively used to handling manually constructed resources, which are more informative and more complex, or the process of construction of lexicons and grammars is automated and industrialized, which is the mainstream perspective. Both evolutions are already in progress, and a tension exists between them. The relation between linguists and computer scientists depends on the future of these evolutions, since the first implies training and hiring numerous linguists, whereas the other depends essentially on solutions elaborated by computer engineers. The aim of this article is to analyse practical examples of the language resources in question, and to discuss about which of the two trends, handcrafting or generating industrially, or a combination of both, can give the best results or is the most realistic. ; L'utilisation de données linguistiques pour le traitement des langues : levée d'ambiguïtés sémantiques, traduction. a augmenté progressivement au cours des dernières années. De telles données sont communément appelées ressources linguistiques. Il y a quelques années, presque toutes les ressources linguistiques exploitées pour ce type d'usage étaient des collections de textes telles que le Corpus de Brown et le Corpus arboré de Penn, mais l'utilisation de lexiques électroniques (WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, ComLex, Lexique-Grammaire.) et de grammaires formelles (grammaires d'adjonction d'arbres.) s'est développé depuis. Cet essor est lent, car la plupart des processus de construction de lexiques et de grammaires sont manuels, alors que la construction de corpus a été très tôt en grande partie automatisée. Cependant, de plus en plus de spécialistes du traitement des langues jugent le contenu informatif des lexiques et des grammaires plus riche que celui des corpus, ce qui ouvre la possibilité de traitements plus élaborés. La différence dans la durée de construction de ces deux types de ressources est sans doute liée à la différence de richesse du contenu informatif : la construction artisanale de lexiques et de grammaires par les linguistes les rendrait plus informatifs que des données engendrées automatiquement. Cette situation peut évoluer dans deux directions : ou les spécialistes de technologie linguistique se familiarisent progressivement avec la manipulation de ressources construites manuellement, plus informatives et plus complexes, ou les processus de construction de lexiques et de grammaires sont automatisés et industrialisés, ce qui est la perspective la plus répandue. Les deux évolutions sont déjà à l'œuvre, et il existe une tension entre elles deux. Les relations entre linguistes et informaticiens dépendent du futur de ces évolutions, puisque celle-là suppose la formation et le recrutement de nombreux linguistes, alors que celle-ci dépend essentiellement de solutions élaborées par des ingénieurs de l'informatique. Le but de cet article est d'analyser des exemples pratiques des ressources linguistiques en question, et de discuter sur la question de savoir laquelle des deux tendances, l'artisanale ou l'industrielle, ou une combinaison des deux, pourrait donner les meilleurs résultats ou s'avérer la plus réaliste.
Keyword: [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing; [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics; bag of words; corpus; grammaire; grammar; ingénierie linguistique; introspection; language engineering; language resource; lexicon; lexicon-grammar; lexique; lexique-grammaire; méthodologie; methodology; ressource linguistique; sac de mots
URL: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400986
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400986/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400986/file/artesOuIndustr.pdf
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400986/file/artesOuIndustr.compact.pdf
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52
UNIARAB: An Universal Machine Translator System For Arabic Based On Role And Reference Grammar
In: Conference Papers (2009)
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53
Adapting Stochastic Output for Rule-Based Semantics
Hautli, Annette. - 2009
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54
TuLiPA: Towards a Multi-Formalism Parsing Environment for Grammar Engineering
In: 2nd Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks, GEAF 2008 ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00304605 ; 2nd Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks, GEAF 2008, Stephen Clark, Oxford and Tracy Holloway King, PARC, Aug 2008, Manchester, United Kingdom. pp._ (2008)
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55
Implementing Arabic-to-English Machine Translation Using the Role and Reference Grammar Linguistic Model
In: Conference Papers (2008)
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56
Recovery and Compatibility Checking Abstract
In: http://martin.bravenboer.name/docs/ldta07.pdf (2007)
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57
Approximating Context-Free Grammars for Parsing and Verification ; Approximation de grammaires algébriques pour l'analyse syntaxique et la vérification
Schmitz, Sylvain. - : HAL CCSD, 2007
In: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00271168 ; Software Engineering [cs.SE]. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2007. English (2007)
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58
Process Grammar by
In: http://dimacs.rutgers.edu/TechnicalReports/TechReports/2007/2007-09.pdf (2007)
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59
A French Interaction Grammar
In: Workshop on Large-scale Grammar Development and Grammar Engineering ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00111662 ; Workshop on Large-scale Grammar Development and Grammar Engineering, Jun 2006, Haïfa, Israel (2006)
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60
Developing efficient parsers in Prolog: the CLF manual (v1.0)
In: https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00120518 ; [Technical Report] RT-0328, INRIA. 2006, pp.18 (2006)
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