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1	Comparing MaxEnt and Noisy Harmonic Grammar
	Flemming, Edward
	In: Edward Flemming (2021)
	Abstract: MaxEnt grammar is a probabilistic version of Harmonic Grammar in which the harmony scores of candidates are mapped onto probabilities. It has become the tool of choice for analyzing phonological phenomena involving probabilistic variation or gradient acceptability, but there is a competing proposal for making Harmonic Grammar probabilistic, Noisy Harmonic Grammar, in which variation is derived by adding random ‘noise’ to constraint weights. In this paper these grammar frameworks, and variants of them, are analyzed by reformulating them all in a format where noise is added to candidate harmonies, and the differences between frameworks lie in the distribution of this noise. This analysis reveals a basic difference between the models: in MaxEnt the relative probabilities of two candidates depend only on the difference in their harmony scores, whereas in Noisy Harmonic Grammar it also depends on the differences in the constraint violations incurred by the two candidates. This difference leads to testable predictions which are evaluated against data on variable realization of schwa in French (Smith & Pater 2020). The results support MaxEnt over Noisy Harmonic Grammar.
	URL: https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/139846 https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5775
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2	The Role of Metrical Structure in Segmental Rules
	Flemming, Edward S.
	In: North East Linguistics Society (2020)
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3	Statistical learning theory and linguistic typology: a learnability perspective on OT’s strict domination
	Magri, Giorgio; Enguehard, Emile; Flemming, Edward
	In: Proceedings of the first annual meeting of the Society for Computation in Linguistics; ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01690991 ; Proceedings of the first annual meeting of the Society for Computation in Linguistics;, 2018, Salt Lake City, United States (2018)
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4	24.963 Linguistic Phonetics, Fall 2005 ; Linguistic Phonetics
	Flemming, Edward. - 2018
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5	Statistical Learning Theory and Linguistic Typology: a Learnability Perspective on OT’s Strict Domination ...
	Enguehard, Émile; Flemming, Edward; Magri, Giorgio. - : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2018
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6	Statistical Learning Theory and Linguistic Typology: a Learnability Perspective on OT’s Strict Domination
	Enguehard, Émile; Flemming, Edward; Magri, Giorgio
	In: Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (2018)
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7	The phonetic specification of contour tones: evidence from the Mandarin rising tone
	Cho, Hyesun; Flemming, Edward
	In: Prof. Flemming (2017)
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8	Compression and truncation: The case of Seoul Korean accentual phrase
	Flemming, Edward; Cho, Hyesun
	In: Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology (2015)
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9	Modeling listeners: comments on Pluymaekers et al. and Scarborough
	Flemming, Edward
	In: Laboratory phonology. - Berlin : de Gruyter Mouton 10 (2010), 587-605
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10	Prosodic Effects of Discourse Salience and Association with Focus
	Wagner, M.; Breen, Mara; Flemming, Edward...
	In: MIT web domain (2010)
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11	Phonetic structures of Montana Salish
	Flemming, Edward; Ladefoged, Peter; Thomason, Sarah
	In: Journal of phonetics. - Amsterdam : Elsevier 36 (2008) 3, 465-491
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12	Phonetic studies of North American indigenous languages
	Gordon, Matthew Kelly; Gick, Bryan; Russell, Kevin. - Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2008
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	UB Frankfurt Linguistik
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13	'Rosa's roses': reduced vowels in American English
	Johnson, Stephanie; Flemming, Edward
	In: International Phonetic Association. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. - Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press 37 (2007) 1, 83-96
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14	When semantics meets phonetics: acoustical studies of second-occurrence focus
	Jaeger, T. Florian; Beaver, David I.; Wolters, Maria...
	In: Language. - Washington, DC : Linguistic Society of America 83 (2007) 2, 245-276
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15	Deriving natural classes in phonology
	Flemming, Edward
	In: Lingua <Amsterdam>. - Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier 115 (2005) 3, 287-309
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16	Speech perception and phonological contrast
	Flemming, Edward
	In: The handbook of speech perception (Oxford, 2005), p. 156-181
	MPI für Psycholinguistik
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17	Deriving natural classes in phonology
	Flemming, Edward
	In: Lingua <Amsterdam>. - Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier 115 (2005) 3, 287-310
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18	Speech perception and phonological contrast
	Flemming, Edward
	In: The handbook of speech perception. - Malden, Mass. [u.a.] : Blackwell (2005), 156-181
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19	Letters to Language
	Hamp, Eric P.; Johnson, Keith; Flemming, Edward Stanton...
	In: Language. - Washington, DC : Linguistic Society of America 80 (2004) 4, 645-649
	OLC Linguistik
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20	Response to Whalen et al. ("Vowel targets without a hyperspace effect", Language 80.3 pp. 377-78, 2004), and authors' reply
	Johnson, Keith; Flemming, Edward; Wright, Richard...
	In: Language. - Washington, DC : Linguistic Society of America 80 (2004) 4, 646-649
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