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1	Lone other-language items in later medieval texts
	Sylvester, L.M.; Ingham, R.; Marcus, I.. - : De Gruyter, 2021
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2	Lexical Borrowing in the Middle English period: A multi-domain analysis of semantic outcomes
	Ingham, R.; Sylvester, L.M.; Tiddeman, M.. - : Cambridge University Press, 2021
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3	An analysis of French borrowings at the hypernymic and hyponymic levels of Middle English
	Sylvester, L.M.; Tiddeman, M.; Ingham, R.. - : Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3, 2020
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4	The role of multilingualism in the emergence of a technical register in the Middle English period
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : de Gruyter Mouton, 2020
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5	The Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England
	Sylvester, L.M.; Ingham, R.. - 2019
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6	Penetration of French-origin lexis in Middle English occupational domains
	Ingham, R.; Sylvester, L.M.; Marcus, I.. - : John Benjamins, 2019
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7	A Semantic Field and Text-Type Approach to Late-Medieval Multilingualism
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : de Gruyter Mouton, 2018
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8	Contact effects on the technical lexis of Middle English: A semantic hierarchic approach
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : Cambridge University Press, 2018
	Abstract: In the context of multilingualism in later medieval Britain, the influx of French termi-nology into the emerging technical vocabulary of Middle English is likely to have pro-duced synchronous synonyms. For functional reasons, some native terms are expected to be dropped from the language, others to undergo differentiation through semantic shift. A significant proportion of the French borrowings are often seen as having been new technical terms, but earlier historical research on the nature of technical vocabulary in English has not clearly characterised this lexical domain; ways are therefore explored here of identifying technical terminology in this period. Definitions contained in histori-cal dictionaries, principally the Middle English Dictionary, provide the main diagnostic, specificity of meaning. As a case study, borrowings in a technical register are examined using the terms contained in the sub-domain ‘Instruments’ within the Middle English vocabulary for Building (extracted from the Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England project) supplemented with lexis from the Historical Thesaurus. Uti-lizing the components of meaning in the Middle English Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary definitions, the lexical items are classified into semantic hierarchies as was done for the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. In addition to dates of first usage, etymological information about the lexical items is included in the semantic hierarchies, allowing analysis of patterns of replacement by borrowed terms at different levels of the lexicon. It is found that the impact of French on the na-tive lexicon in this dataset is most evident at the superordinate and basic levels of the lexicon, where we find almost equal numbers of native and borrowed terms, while at the hyponymic level native terms are in the vast majority. The study provides an insight into the vocabulary of speakers of the Middle English period with a high level of expe-rience and expertise in technical fields and the findings suggest a resistance to borrowed vocabulary not at the lowest section of the social stratum, but rather by the class of skilled workers.
	Keyword: Lexical borrowing; Middle English; Semantic classification; Technical vocabulary
	URL: https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/412718eee8112b5df3dbc6d01917ef1bce8f5126ff46f7215f499aa62374d2d3/132250/Sylvester_ELL_2018.pdf https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674318000126 https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q4wx1/contact-effects-on-the-technical-lexis-of-middle-english-a-semantic-hierarchic-approach
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9	A Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England: Some Issues at the Interface of Semantics and Lexicography
	Sylvester, L.M.; Marcus, I.; Ingham, R.. - : Oxford University Press, 2017
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10	Studying French-Origin Middle English Lexis Using the Bilingual Thesaurus of Medieval England: A Comparison of the Vocabulary of Two Occupational Domains
	Sylvester, L.M.; Marcus, I.. - : Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017
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11	Technical Vocabulary and Medieval Text Types: A Semantic Field Approach
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : Modern Language Society, 2016
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12	Middle English: semantics and the lexicon
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : De Gruyter, 2012
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13	Multilingualism in the vocabulary of dress and textiles in late medieval Britain: some issues for historical lexicology
	Sylvester, L.M.; Chambers, M.. - : John Benjamins, 2012
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14	The roles of reader construal and lexicographic authority in the interpretation of Middle English texts
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : de Gruyter Mouton, 2010
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15	Lexicological confusion and medieval clothing culture: redressing medieval dress with the Lexis of Cloth and Clothing in Britain Project
	Chambers, M.; Sylvester, L.M.. - : Ashgate, 2010
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16	Forces of change: are social and moral attitudes legible in this historical thesaurus classification
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : Rodopi, 2006
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17	Categories and taxonomies: a cognitive approach to lexicographical resources
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : John Benjamins, 2004
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18	Evidence for diachronic semantic change in the historical thesaurus of English: a cognitive linguistic approach
	Sylvester, L.M.. - : Universidade de Coruña, 2004
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