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Lire la littérature médiévale en classe de français langue étrangère: une utopie? ... : Reading medieval literature in French lessons: a utopia? ...
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Sustainable Development of EFL Learners’ Research Writing Competence and Their Identity Construction: Chinese Novice Writer-Researchers’ Metadiscourse Use in English Research Articles
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In: Sustainability ; Volume 13 ; Issue 17 (2021)
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On the Use of Large Interactive Displays to Support Collaborative Engagement and Visual Exploratory Tasks
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In: Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 24; Pages: 8403 (2021)
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From Formulas to Functions through Geometry: A Path to Understanding Algebraic Computations
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In: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education ; Volume 11 ; Issue 4 ; Pages 106-1502 (2021)
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Metadiscursive Markers and Text Genre: A Metareview
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In: Publications; Volume 9; Issue 4; Pages: 56 (2021)
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The meaning and essence of the concepts of terminology and terminology ...
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The meaning and essence of the concepts of terminology and terminology ...
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INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AS A CONDITION OF STUDENTS’ THINKING SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ... : ИНТЕРАКТИВНАЯ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ СРЕДА КАК УСЛОВИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МЫСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ У СТУДЕНТОВ ...
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Investigating Visual Content Shared over Twitter during the 2019 EU Parliamentary Election Campaign
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In: Media and Communication ; 9 ; 1 ; 158-170 ; Dark Participation in Online Communication: The World of the Wicked Web (2021)
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Conceptualization of a Queer Cyberspace: 'Gay Twitter'
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In: FZG - Freiburger Zeitschrift für GeschlechterStudien ; 27 ; 1 ; 95-111 ; Digitalisierung (geschlechter-)gerecht gestalten (2021)
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Using sentiment analysis in tourism research: A systematic, bibliometric, and integrative review
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In: Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing ; 7 ; 2 ; 16-27 (2021)
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Digital Media and Textuality: From Creation to Archiving
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In: 45 ; Medienumbrüche ; 284 (2021)
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Incivility and Political Dissent: Multiple roles of aggressive speech in comments on Russian YouTube
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In: Proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2021 ; 4 ; Weizenbaum Conference 2021: Democracy in Flux – Order, Dynamics and Voices in Digital Public Spheres ; 3 (2021)
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"Can we please stop yelling at each other just because it’s the Internet?" Comparing incivility perceptions of community managers, users, and ac-tivists in online comment sections
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In: Proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2021 ; 5 ; Weizenbaum Conference 2021: Democracy in Flux – Order, Dynamics and Voices in Digital Public Spheres ; 3 (2021)
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Wikis und die Wikipedia verstehen: Eine Einführung
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Dijk, Ziko van. - : transcript Verlag, 2021. : DEU, 2021. : Bielefeld, 2021
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In: 87 ; Edition Medienwissenschaft ; 338 (2021)
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Protest twittern: Eine medienlinguistische Untersuchung von Straßenprotesten
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Dang-Anh, Mark. - : transcript Verlag, 2021. : DEU, 2021. : Bielefeld, 2021
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In: 22 ; Locating Media / Situierte Medien ; 448 (2021)
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From Insult to Hate Speech: Mapping Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration
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In: Media and Communication ; 9 ; 1 ; 171-180 ; Dark Participation in Online Communication: The World of the Wicked Web (2021)
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Abstract:
In recent debates on offensive language in participatory online spaces, the term ‘hate speech’ has become especially prominent. Originating from a legal context, the term usually refers to violent threats or expressions of prejudice against particular groups on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation. However, due to its explicit reference to the emotion of hate, it is also used more colloquially as a general label for any kind of negative expression. This ambiguity leads to misunderstandings in discussions about hate speech and challenges its identification. To meet this challenge, this article provides a modularized framework to differentiate various forms of hate speech and offensive language. On the basis of this framework, we present a text annotation study of 5,031 user comments on the topic of immigration and refuge posted in March 2019 on three German news sites, four Facebook pages, 13 YouTube channels, and one right-wing blog. An in-depth analysis of these comments identifies various types of hate speech and offensive language targeting immigrants and refugees. By exploring typical combinations of labeled attributes, we empirically map the variety of offensive language in the subject area ranging from insults to calls for hate crimes, going beyond the common ‘hate/no-hate’ dichotomy found in similar studies. The results are discussed with a focus on the grey area between hate speech and offensive language.
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Keyword:
Aussagenforschung; comment sections; content analysis; Einwanderung; electronic Media; elektronische Medien; Facebook; flight; Flucht; hate speech; immigration; Interactive; interaktive; journalism; Journalismus,Verlagswesen; language usage; Media Contents; Medieninhalte; News media; online media; Online-Medien; political attitude; political communication; politische Einstellung; politische Kommunikation; publishing; Publizistische Medien; refugees; social media; Soziale Medien; Sprachgebrauch; text annotation; user comments; YouTube
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URL: https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3399 https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/3399 https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/76495
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