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Individual and Developmental Differences in Distributional Learning
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The fine-tuning of linguistic expectations over the course of L2 learning
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Distributional learning aids linguistic category formation in school-age children*
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Reading span task performance, linguistic experience, and the processing of unexpected syntactic events
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Form-To-Expectation Matching Effects on First-Pass Eye Movement Measures During Reading
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A same-system view of L2 processing: evidence from long-distance syntactic dependencies in L2 Spanish
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Rapid Expectation Adaptation during Syntactic Comprehension
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Abstract:
When we read or listen to language, we are faced with the challenge of inferring intended messages from noisy input. This challenge is exacerbated by considerable variability between and within speakers. Focusing on syntactic processing (parsing), we test the hypothesis that language comprehenders rapidly adapt to the syntactic statistics of novel linguistic environments (e.g., speakers or genres). Two self-paced reading experiments investigate changes in readers’ syntactic expectations based on repeated exposure to sentences with temporary syntactic ambiguities (so-called “garden path sentences”). These sentences typically lead to a clear expectation violation signature when the temporary ambiguity is resolved to an a priori less expected structure (e.g., based on the statistics of the lexical context). We find that comprehenders rapidly adapt their syntactic expectations to converge towards the local statistics of novel environments. Specifically, repeated exposure to a priori unexpected structures can reduce, and even completely undo, their processing disadvantage (Experiment 1). The opposite is also observed: a priori expected structures become less expected (even eliciting garden paths) in environments where they are hardly ever observed (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that, when changes in syntactic statistics are to be expected (e.g., when entering a novel environment), comprehenders can rapidly adapt their expectations, thereby overcoming the processing disadvantage that mistaken expectations would otherwise cause. Our findings take a step towards unifying insights from research in expectation-based models of language processing, syntactic priming, and statistical learning.
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Keyword:
Research Article
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URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077661 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3813674
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Phonological Typicality Influences Sentence Processing in Predictive Contexts: Reply to Staub, Grant, Clifton, and Rayner (2009)
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