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1
Instant messages vs. speech: hormones and why we still need to hear each other
Abstract: Human speech evidently conveys an adaptive advantage, given its apparently rapid dissemination through the ancient world and global use today. As such, speech must be capable of altering human biology in a positive way, possibly through those neuroendocrine mechanisms responsible for strengthening the social bonds between individuals. Indeed, speech between trusted individuals is capable of reducing levels of salivary cortisol, often considered a biomarker of stress, and increasing levels of urinary oxytocin, a hormone involved in the formation and maintenance of positive relationships. It is not clear, however, whether it is the uniquely human grammar, syntax, content and/or choice of words that causes these physiological changes, or whether the prosodic elements of speech, which are present in the vocal cues of many other species, are responsible. In order to tease apart these elements of human communication, we examined the hormonal responses of female children who instant messaged their mothers after undergoing a stressor. We discovered that unlike children interacting with their mothers in person or over the phone, girls who instant messaged did not release oxytocin; instead, these participants showed levels of salivary cortisol as high as control subjects who did not interact with their parents at all. We conclude that the comforting sound of a familiar voice is responsible for the hormonal differences observed and, hence, that similar differences may be seen in other species using vocal cues to communicate.
Keyword: Article
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277914
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22337755
BASE
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2
Neurodevelopmental effects of early deprivation in postinstitutionalized children
In: Child development. - Malden, Ma. [u.a.] : Blackwell 81 (2010) 1, 224-236
BLLDB
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3
Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition
In: Cognition. - Amsterdam [u.a] : Elsevier 110 (2009) 2, 242-247
BLLDB
OLC Linguistik
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4
Neuroendocrine features of attachment in infants and nonhuman primates
In: Behavioral and brain sciences. - New York, NY [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press 32 (2009) 1, 41
OLC Linguistik
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5
Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition
In: Cognition. - Amsterdam [u.a] : Elsevier 110 (2009) 2, 242-247
OLC Linguistik
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6
Is exposure enough?
In: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (Boston, 2008), p. 438-449
MPI für Psycholinguistik
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7
Dog is a dog is a dog: infant rule learning is not specific to language
In: Cognition. - Amsterdam [u.a] : Elsevier 105 (2007) 3, 669-680
BLLDB
OLC Linguistik
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8
Emotion processing and the developing brain
In: Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain (New York, 2007), p. 329-361
MPI für Psycholinguistik
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9
Dog is a dog is a dog: Infant rule learning is not specific to language
BASE
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10
Attention, emotion, and the development of psychopathology
In: Cognitive neuroscience of attention (New York, 2004), p. 357-368
MPI für Psycholinguistik
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11
Recognizing emotion in faces : developmental effects of child abuse and neglect
In: Developmental psychology. - Richmond, Va. [u.a.] : American Psychological Association 36 (2000) 5, 679-688
BLLDB
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