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1
The high heritability of educational achievement reflects many genetically influenced traits, not just intelligence.
In: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 111 (42) 15273 - 15278. (2014) (2014)
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2
Common variation near ROBO2 is associated with expressive vocabulary in infancy
In: NATURE COMMUNICATIONS , 5 (ARTN 483) (2014) (2014)
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3
Genome-wide association study of receptive language ability of 12-year-olds.
In: J Speech Lang Hear Res , 57 (1) 96 - 105. (2014) (2014)
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4
Generalist genes and the Internet generation: etiology of learning abilities by web testing at age 10.
In: Genes Brain Behav , 7 (4) pp. 455-462. (2008) (2008)
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5
Common aetiology for diverse language skills in 4 1/2-year-old twins.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2006)
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6
Genetic influences in different aspects of language development: the etiology of language skills in 4.5-year-old twins.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2005)
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7
Genetic and environmental influence on language impairment in 4-year-old same-sex and opposite-sex twins.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2004)
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8
Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient language difficulties at 3 and 4 years.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2003)
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9
Outcomes of early language delay: II. Etiology of transient and persistent language difficulties.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2003)
Abstract: Genes are known to play an important role in causing specific language impairment, but it is unclear how far a similar etiology is implicated in transient language delay in early childhood. Two-year-old children with vocabulary scores below the 10th centile were selected from a cohort of over 2,800 same-sex twin pairs whose language was assessed by parental report at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. These children with early language delay (ELD) were divided into cases of transient and persistent language difficulties on the basis of outcome at 3 and 4 years. A DeFries-Fulker analysis (J. C. DeFries and D. W. Fulker, 1985) was used to compute group heritability (h2g) of 2-year vocabulary delay separately for those with transient and persistent difficulties. When 3-year and 4-year language attainments were used to categorize outcomes, h2g was similar and modest (.25 or less) for both transient and persistent difficulties. However, when persistent difficulties were defined according to whether parents expressed concern about language at 3 years or according to whether a professional had been consulted about language difficulties at 4 years, heritability was significantly higher. For 289 children with no professional involvement at 4 years, heritability of 2-year vocabulary delay was close to zero, whereas for 134 children with professional involvement, a significant h2g of .41 (SE = .127) was found. Early language delay appears largely environmental in origin for 2-year-olds whose parents do not go on to seek professional help.
Keyword: Child; Cohort Studies; Diagnosis; Differential; Environment; Female; Humans; Language Development Disorders; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Preschool; Questionnaires; Time Factors; Twins
URL: https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/045
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10
Genetic and environmental mediation of the relationship between language and nonverbal impairment in 4-year-old twins.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; Scopus (http://www.scopus.com/home.url) ; CrossRef (2003)
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11
Genetic and environmental mediation of the relationship between language and nonverbal impairment in 4-year-old twins
In: J SPEECH LANG HEAR R , 46 (6) 1271 - 1282. (2003) (2003)
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12
The structure of language abilities at 4 years: a twin study.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) (2002)
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13
The structure of language abilities at 4 years: A twin study
In: DEV PSYCHOL , 38 (5) 749 - 757. (2002) (2002)
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14
Genetic and environmental origins of verbal and performance components of cognitive delay in 2-year-olds.
In: Symplectic Elements at Oxford ; Europe PubMed Central ; PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) ; Web of Science (Lite) (http://apps.webofknowledge.com/summary.do) ; ORA review team (1999)
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